Types
Primitive types
Primitive types are always passed by value.
Type |
Example |
Comment |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Signed integers of 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits. |
|
|
Unsigned integers of 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits. |
|
|
Floating point numbers of 32 and 64 bits. |
|
|
A boolean. |
|
|
A unicode character. |
i8, i16, i32, i64, u8, u16, u32 and u64
iN(number: string, # String to signed integer. Uses string
base: u32 = 10) # prefix (0x, 0o, 0b or none) if base is 0,
# otherwise no prefix is allowed.
uN(number: string, # String to unsigned integer. Uses string
base: u32 = 10) # prefix (0x, 0o, 0b or none) if base is 0,
# otherwise no prefix is allowed.
iN(value: f32/f64) # Floating point number to signed integer.
uN(value: f32/f64) # Floating point number to unsigned integer.
iN(value: bool) # Boolean to signed integer (0 or 1).
uN(value: bool) # Boolean to unsigned integer (0 or 1).
i64(value: char) # Character to signed integer.
== # Comparisons.
!=
<
<=
>
>=
^ # Bitwise exclusive or.
& # Bitwise and.
| # Bitwise or.
+ # Add.
- # Subtract.
* # Multiply.
/ # Divide (round down).
% # Modulus.
~ # Complement.
^= # Bitwise exclusive or in place.
&= # Bitwise and in place.
|= # Bitwise or in place.
+= # Add in place.
-= # Subtract in place.
*= # Multiply in place.
/= # Divide in place.
%= # Modulus in place.
~= # Complement in place.
f32 and f64
fN(number: string) # String to floating point number.
fN(value: iN/uN) # Integer to floating point number.
fN(value: bool) # Boolean to floating point number (0 or 1).
== # Comparisons.
!=
<
<=
>
>=
+ # Add.
- # Subtract.
* # Multiply.
/ # Divide.
+= # Add in place.
-= # Subtract in place.
*= # Multiply in place.
/= # Divide in place.
bool
bool(value: iN/uN) # Integer to boolean. 0 is false, rest true.
bool(value: f32/f64) # Floating point number to boolean. 0.0 is false,
# rest true.
char
char(number: i64)
+=(value: i64) # Add given value.
+(value: i64) -> char # Add given value.
-=(value: i64) # Subtract given value.
-(value: i64) -> char # Subtract given value.
== # Comparisons.
!=
<
<=
>
>=
Complex types
Complex types are always passed by reference.
Type |
Example |
Comment |
|---|---|---|
|
|
A sequence of unicode characters. Immutable. |
|
|
A sequence of bytes. |
|
|
A tuple with items of types T1, T2, etc. |
|
|
A list with items of type T. |
|
|
A dictionary with keys of type TK and values of type TV. |
|
|
A set with items of type T. |
|
|
A class. |
string
__init__() # Create an empty string. Same as "".
__init__(character: char) # From a character.
__init__(other: bytes) # From UTF-8 bytes.
__init__(other: string) # From a string.
to_utf8(self) -> bytes # To UTF-8 bytes.
length(self) -> i64 # Length.
+(self, value: string) -> string # Add a string.
+(self, value: char) -> string # Add a character.
==(self) # Comparisons.
!=(self)
<(self)
<=(self)
>(self)
>=(self)
*(self, count: u64) # Repeat.
[](self, index: i64) -> char # Get a character.
[](self, # Get a substring.
begin: i64,
end: i64,
step: i64) -> string
__in__(self, value: char) -> bool # Contains character.
__in__(self, value: string) -> bool # Contains string.
starts_with(self, # Return true if string starts with given substring.
value: string) -> bool
ends_with(self, # Return true if string ends with given substring.
value: string) -> bool
starts_with(self, value: string) -> bool # Return true if starts with given value.
ends_with(self, value: string) -> bool # Return true if ends with given value.
split(self) -> [string] # Split into list of strings with
# \s+ as separator regex.
split(self, # Split into list of strings with given
separator: string) -> [string] # separator string.
split(self, # Split into list of strings with given
separator: regex) -> [string] # separator regex.
match(self, # Match with regex.
pattern: regex) -> regexmatch?
join(self, parts: [string]) -> string # Join given list of strings with the string
# itself.
strip(self, chars: string) -> string # Strip leading and trailing characters.
strip_left(self, # Strip leading characters.
chars: string) -> string
strip_right(self, # Strip trailing characters.
chars: string) -> string
lower(self) -> string # Make string lower case.
upper(self) -> string # Make string upper case.
capitalize(self) -> string # Capitalize string.
casefold(self) -> string # Stronger variant of lower that should be used when
# doing case insensitive comparison.
find(self, # Find the first occurrence of given character
sub: char, # within given limits. Returns -1 if not found.
start: i64 = 0,
end: i64 = <length>) -> i64
find(self, # Find the first occurrence of given substring
sub: string, # within given limits. Returns -1 if not found.
start: i64 = 0,
end: i64 = <length>) -> i64
partition(self, separator: char) -> # Find the first occurrence of given separator. If found,
(string, string, string) # returns a tuple with characters before separator, the
# separator itself and the characters after the separator.
replace(self, # Replace old with new.
old: char,
new: char) -> string
replace(self, # Replace old with new.
old: string,
new: string) -> string
bytes
__init__() # Create an empty bytes object. Same as b"".
__init__(other: bytes) # From a bytes object.
__init__(hex: string) # From a hexadecimal string.
__init__(length: u64)
to_hex(self) -> string # To a hexadecimal string.
length(self) -> i64 # Length.
starts_with(self, value: bytes) -> bool # Return true if starts with given value.
ends_with(self, value: bytes) -> bool # Return true if ends with given value.
find(self, # Find the first occurrence of given substring
sub: bytes, # within given limits. Returns -1 if not found.
start: i64 = 0,
end: i64 = <length>) -> i64
resize(self, size: i64) # Resize to given size.
reserve(self, size: i64) # Reserve memory for given size.
+=(self, value: bytes) # Append bytes.
+=(self, value: u8) # Append a number (0 to 255).
+(self, value: bytes) -> bytes # Add bytes.
+(self, value: u8) -> bytes # Add a number (0 to 255).
==(self) # Comparisons.
!=(self)
<(self)
<=(self)
>(self)
>=(self)
[]=(self, index: i64, value: u8)
[](self, index: i64) -> u8
[]=(self,
begin: u64, # Set subbytes.
end: u64,
step: u64,
value: bytes)
[](self,
begin: u64, # Get subbytes.
end: u64,
step: u64) -> bytes
__in__(self, value: u8) -> bool # Contains value.
tuple
==(self) # Comparisons.
!=(self)
<(self)
<=(self)
>(self)
>=(self)
[]=(self, index: u64, item: TN) # Set item at index. The index must be known at
# compile time.
[](self, index: u64) -> TN # Get item at index. The index must be known at
# compile time.
list
See also List comprehensions.
__init__() # Create an empty list. Same as [].
__init__(other: [T]) # From a list.
__init__(values: {TK: TV}) # From a dict. Each key-value pair becomes a
# tuple.
__init__(value: string) # From a string.
__init__(length: u64)
length(self) -> i64 # Length.
==(self) # Comparisons.
!=(self)
[]=(self, index: i64, item: T)
[](self, index: i64) -> T
[]=(self, # Set a sublist.
begin: i64,
end: i64,
step: i64,
value: [T])
[](self, # Get a sublist.
begin: i64,
end: i64,
step: i64) -> [T]
__in__(self, item: T) -> bool # Contains item.
append(self, value: T) # Append an item.
extend(self, value: [T]) # Append a list.
insert(self, # Insert an item as index.
index: i64,
value: [T])
pop(index: i64 = -1) -> T # Pop item at index.
remove(self, item: T) # Remove first item equal to item.
sort(self) # Sort items in place.
reverse(self) # Reverse items in place.
count(self, item: T) # Count how many times given item
# is in the list.
clear(self) # Clear the list.
find(self, value: T) -> i64 # Find the first occurrence of given value.
# Returns -1 if not found.
dict
See also Dict comprehensions.
__init__() # Create an empty dictionary. Same as {}.
__init__(other: {TK: TV}) # From a dict.
__init__(pairs: [(TK, TV)]) # Create from a list.
length(self) -> i64 # Length.
==(self) # Comparisons.
!=(self)
[]=(self, key: TK, value: TV) # Set value for key.
[](self, key: TK) -> TV # Get value for key.
|=(self, other: {TK: TV}) # Set/Update given key-value pairs.
|(self, other: {TK: TV}) # Create a dict of self and other.
get(self, # Get value for key. Return default
key: TK, # if missing. Inserts default if missing
default: TV? = None, # and insert is True
insert: bool = False) -> TV?
pop(self, key: TK) -> TV # Pop value for key.
pop(self, # Pop value for key. Return default
key: TK, # if missing.
default: TV?) -> TV?
__in__(self, key: TK) -> bool # Contains given key.
set
__init__() # Create an empty dictionary. Same as {}.
length(self) -> i64 # Length.
==(self) # Comparisons.
!=(self)
|=(self, other: {T}) # Set/Update given items.
add(self, item: T) # Add given item to the set.
remove(self, item: T) # Remove given item from the set. Raises
# KeyError is missing.
discard(self, item: T) # Remove given item from the set.
pop(self) -> T # Remove and return an arbitrary item from
# the set.
clear(self) # Remove all items from the set.
__in__(self, item: T) -> bool # Contains given item.